e-Conomy SEA is a multi-year research program launched by Google and Temasek in 2016. Bain & Company joined the program as lead research partner in 2019. The research leverages Bain analysis, Google Trends, Temasek research, industry sources and expert interviews to shed light on the internet economy in Southeast Asia. The information included in this report is sourced as “Google, Temasek and Bain, ” except from third parties specified otherwise.